This post continues the themes from Part One and Part Two.
The subject today is security, and also why proprietary protocols aren’t the answer.
Security in communications is a hot topic, but in practice in the water and wastewater industry, not many people are actively implementing it.
It’s important to differentiate between “hacking the comms” and “hacking the server”. If there is a greater problem for the organization, it’s surely someone hacking your server through a firewall – or from within your building – because now they can take control as well as present the operations staff with a completely false worldview.
However, if the SCADA server is highly secure and someone was very motivated to take control of your system, then they could potentially do a lot of damage by hijacking the communications. Imagine if they turned off all of the sewer pump stations in a city? You can send your staff out to put every station into manual over-ride – but only once you knew about it, and it would take some time to get to every single station. You would have lots of overflows, and you would have your whole team racing around from station to station. If it happened in a time of high inflows – e.g. a storm – then the problems would be much worse. In a water supply system it might be possible to burst pipes.
There are a lot of articles about communications security that start: “Since 9/11″ – probably because it gets higher exposure. But how much of a risk is it? And is the risk greater from other sources than terrorism – like disgruntled ex-employees? It’s certainly getting attention from governments, but not much practical attention from the utilities themselves.
This article doesn’t try and address the risk factor. Instead, we’ll just explain a little about how communications to remote sites can be secured.
Security in Communications - Are proprietary protocols the answer?
One subject that the promoters of proprietary protocols majored on in recent years is security. This is because they didn’t have a lot else to hang their hat on.
What am I talking about? Open protocols have been the perceived way forward for a long time, but especially in this century/millenium. For the last 5-10 years in the water & wastewater industry, almost anyone writing an engineering spec, or an operations manager or utility director who had done a small amount of research, knew that you needed to specify an “open protocol” for a new or upgraded system.
This presented a challenge for a number of companies who had their own protocols in their RTU and used these protocols to lock in customers. What to say to show they were progressive?
“At least no one knows how to hack our protocol, that’s an advantage..”
By the way, I’m not including in this list, companies with their own protocol who made them public. There are many companies, including ourselves, who in the 1990’s had their own telemetry protocol in their RTU because it seemed – rightly or wrongly - to have some advantages at that time. The important point is, once the move towards open protocols became desirable or a requirement, and high quality telemetry protocols became available, what did those suppliers do? The responsible ones published their protocol and made it easy for other parties, including competitors, to copy them.
In fact, most proprietary protocols aren’t that hard to reverse engineer.
In the world of encryption and authentication, the experts will tell you that openness is what allows the audit. Don’t tell the world that your protocol is “secure” because it is proprietary, unless you have invited a few hackers to break it. It probably won’t take them very long.
A good recent example is where one of our partner companies, Trihedral, reverse engineered a proprietary protocol from another supplier to allow them to break into their market – to replace the SCADA server software while still interfacing to the RTU’s in the field.
Only last year (2008) I read an article in a water industry magazine by a supplier saying how their RTU protocol was more secure than DNP3 because it wasn’t published..
Time to move on..
DNP3 Security – How Does it Work?
Security is one of those tricky subjects that most people actually don’t want to understand. As a user you just want to know it works. So I’ll stay away from the more technical aspects.
DNP3 is a published protocol with a very strong and a very technical user group. You can be sure that the people in the user group who published the security specification knew what they were doing.
Very simply, DNP3 security doesn’t encrypt the message, it authenticates the message.
If someone intercepted a command to an RTU: ”turn on Pump 1″ which might look like “digital tag 15 ON”, they could read it!
But if the bad guys then wrote a command to send to the RTU - ”turn off Pump 1″ – “digital tag 15 OFF” – the DNP3 authentication mechanism would reject it. The security mechanisms in DNP3 can determine when the command is a valid one by a trusted party.
This gives an insight into why the oil and gas suppliers might want RTU encryption, not authentication. In a highly competitive commercial environment you don’t want others to know how much volume you pumped -for example.
In water and wastewater, even in the privatized but regulated market of the UK, it’s hard to see how anyone reading your pump station commands could cause you a problem.
The key point of DNP3 security is that while others can see what you are doing, they can’t pretend to be you and tell your system to do the wrong thing. That’s what authentication means.
If you want to know more, please take a look at our White Papers section. You need to fill in a short registration form to download any of the papers. The title of that paper is “Keeping SCADA systems open and secure from cyber-attack”.
There’s a lot more technical data available – check out the DNP3 Users Group.
And if you’re one of those people who like to understand more about “how everything works” – for the confusing world of encryption and authentication, a personal recommendation is Cryptography Decrypted by H.X. Mel & Doris Baker. It was published in 2001 so it might be a little dated, but I found it made subjects like public key encryption finally understandable. Read more…
SCADA & Telemetry
DNP3, RTU, SCADA, security
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